Uso ambulatorio de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados en adultos mayores usuarios de la RAP Metropolitana de ASSE durante 2019 / Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults assisted as outpatients in ASSE's Metropolitan RAP (Primary Health Care) during 2019 / Uso ambulatorial de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados em idosos usuários da RAPE Metropolitana da ASSE durante 2019

Introducción: los adultos mayores son una población de riesgo para el desarrollo de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos. Los medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados son aquellos que representan mayores riesgos que beneficios en este grupo etario. Se cuenta con herramientas de apoyo a la prescripción en geriatría que permiten identificar a estos medicamentos y mediante la aplicación de estudios de utilización de medicamentos, podemos describir o analizar el uso de los mismos en una población. Objetivos: reconocer disponibilidad de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para adultos mayores en la RAP metropolitana de ASSE durante 2019 y establecer un diagnóstico de situación de consumo de los mismos durante ese año. Método: se realizó un análisis del vademécum institucional mediante la aplicación de los Criterios de Beers 2019 y dos escalas de riesgo anticolinérgico para identificar medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados. Posteriormente se realizó un estudio de utilización de los medicamentos identificados, mediante datos de dispensación de farmacia entre el 1 de enero y 31 de diciembre de 2019. El consumo se expresó en Dosis Diarias Definidas por cada 1000 adultos mayores-año (DHD). Resultados: se identificaron 16 medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados, de los cuales los más usados fueron clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapina (65,6), alprazolam (DHD 43,7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42,7) y zolpidem (DHD 36,4). Conclusiones: la aplicación de herramientas explícitas facilita la identificación de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para adultos mayores y se evidenció un consumo elevado de los mismos durante el año 2019 a expensas de derivados benzodiazepínicos y quetiapina.

Introduction: older adults are at higher risk for developing adverse drug reactions. Potentially inappropriate medications are drugs that have more risks than benefits in this age group. There are a number of tools to support the prescription of medication in geriatrics that allow the identification of these medications, and by applying studies developed on the use of medications we may describe or analyze their impact on a given population. Objectives: to recognize availability of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults in ASSE's Metropolitan RAP during 2019 and to draw conclusions about the current situation in terms of the consumption of this kind of medications. Method: an institutional analysis of medications available in each healthcare provided was conducted through the application of Beers Criteria 2019, and two anticholinergic risk scales were used to identify potentially inappropriate medications. Subsequently, the use of the medications identified was studied by applying pharmacy dispensing data between January 1 and December 31, 2019. Consumption was expressed in defined daily doses every 1000 adults per year (DHD). Results: 16 potentially inappropriate medications were identified, the most widely used of which were clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapine (65.6), alprazolam (DHD 43.7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42.7) and zolpidem (DHD 36.4). Conclusions: Applying explicit tools makes it easier to identify potentially inappropriate medications for older adults. An increased consumption of these kinds of drugs was noticed during 2019, as a result of benzodiazepine derivatives and quetiapine.

Introdução: os idosos são uma população de risco para o desenvolvimento de reações adversas a medicamentos. Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados são aqueles que apresentam maiores riscos do que benefícios nessa faixa etária. Existem ferramentas de apoio à prescrição em geriatria que permitem identificar esses medicamentos e, por meio da aplicação de estudos de utilização de medicamentos, descrever ou analisar seu uso em uma população. Objetivos: reconhecer a disponibilidade de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos na RAP metropolitana da ASSE durante o ano de 2019 e estabelecer um diagnóstico de consumo durante esse ano. Método: o formulário institucional foi analisado utilizando os Critérios de Beers 2019 e duas escalas de risco anticolinérgico para identificar medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo de consumo dos medicamentos identificados, através dos dados de dispensação da farmácia entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2019. O consumo foi expresso em Doses Diárias Definidas por 1000 idosos-ano (DHD). Resultados: foram identificados 16 medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados, sendo clonazepam (DHD 69), quetiapina (65,6), alprazolam (DHD 43,7), flunitrazepam (DHD 42,7) e zolpidem (DHD 36,4) os mais utilizados Conclusões: a aplicação de ferramentas explícitas facilita a identificação de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos; foi observado um alto consumo dos mesmos em detrimento dos derivados benzodiazepínicos e da quetiapina durante o período do estudo.

Conhecimento dos prescritores sobre medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde / Prescribers' knowledge of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults in a Primary Care Unit

Introdução: O conhecimento dos prescritores sobre medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) pode reduzir o risco de resultados adversos à saúde em idosos, uma vez que esses medicamentos podem trazer mais risco do que benefício a esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo é obter informações sobre o conhecimento dos prescritores em relação aos cuidados na prescrição de medicamentos para idosos e analisar o conhecimento destes em relação a critérios explícitos de classificação de MPI.Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e observacional, de delineamento transversal, desenvolvido com a aplicação de questionário on-line respondido de forma anônima por prescritores de uma unidade básica de saúde.Resultados: Dos 20 profissionais que responderam ao questionário, 9 eram professores, 7 médicos residentes e 4 médicos contratados. Em relação aos idosos, 70% dos prescritores percebem boa adesão ao tratamento e 40% maior frequência de reações adversas a medicamentos, quando comparados à população em geral. Somente 30% dos profissionais relataram conhecimento sobre algum critério de classificação de MPI, e 25% destes já utilizou/utiliza algum dos critérios na prática clínica. Porém, os prescritores citaram as classes mais presentes no Critério de Beers para MPI como candidatas à desprescrição e ajuste de dose.Conclusão: O conhecimento e aplicação de critérios de classificação de MPI na prática clínica é ainda incipiente, mesmo em Unidade vinculada a Hospital Universitário.

Introduction: Knowledge of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) may reduce the risk of adverse health outcomes in older patients, given that PIMs may be more harmful than beneficial to this population. To investigate prescribers' knowledge of appropriate drug prescription in older adults and evaluate their knowledge of explicit criteria for PIM classification.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, exploratory, observational study. We developed an online questionnaire, which was anonymously answered by prescribers from a primary care unit.Results: A total of 20 prescribers answered the questionnaire, of whom 9 were professors, 7 were medical residents, and 4 were physicians. In older patients, 70% of prescribers reported good adherence to treatment and 40% reported a higher rate of adverse drug reactions compared with the general population. Only 30% of prescribers reported some knowledge of the criteria for PIM classification, and 25% of them had already used/use some of the criteria in clinical practice. However, the most prevalent drug classes in the Beers Criteria for PIM were mentioned by prescribers as potentially requiring deprescription and dose adjustment.Conclusion: Knowledge and application of the PIM classification in clinical practice is still incipient, even in a primary care unit affiliated with a teaching hospital.

Análise da utilização de inibidores de bomba de prótons em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário do interior de São Paulo / Analysis of the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients admitted to a university hospital in interior of São Paulo

Introdução: A crença de que o uso de Inibidores de Bomba de Prótons (IBPs) apresenta baixo risco de toxicidade, resultou em um aumento significativo na sua prescrição em nível mundial, esse fator juntamente com a baixa divulgação de orientações, têm contribuído para o aumento das indicações desnecessárias de inibidores de bomba de prótons em nível hospitalar, principalmente para profilaxia. Objetivo: Analisar a utilização dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em pacientes internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica de um Hospital Universitário, visando avaliar suas indicações, tempo de uso, efeitos adversos e impacto financeiro gerado pelo uso inadequado. Métodos: Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes que estiveram internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica do Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté (HMUT) durante os meses de maio a julho de 2020. As indicações adequadas do uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais do American Journal of Gastroenterology e do American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Resultados: Identificamos que 297 pacientes (79,6%) usaram inibidores de bomba de prótons em algum momento da internação. O uso desse medicamento foi adequadamente prescrito em 49,8% dos casos. Foi encontrado maior prevalência de pneumonia e diarreia nos pacientes que fizeram uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons a longo prazo. O custo anual associado as prescrições indevidas foram de R$24.736,40. Conclusão: Observamos alta prevalência de indicações incorretas dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em ambiente hospitalar, ocasionando gasto desnecessário e possíveis complicações. Faz-se necessário, portanto, elaboração de novos protocolos e maior rigidez nas indicações desses medicamentos no Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté.

Introduction: The belief that the use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) presents a low risk of toxicity, resulted in a significant increase in its prescription worldwide, this factor combined with the low disclosure of guidelines, have contributed to the increase in unnecessary indications of at the hospital level, especially for prophylaxis. Objective: To analyze the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients hospitalized in the medical clinic wards of a University Hospital, in order to evaluate their indications, time of use, adverse effects and financial impact generated by inadequate use. Methods: Medical records of patients who were admitted at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté during the months of May to July 2020 were analyzed. The appropriate indications for the use of proton pump inhibitors were based on the international guidelines of the American Journal of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Results: We identified that 297 patients (79.6%) used proton pump inhibitors at some point in hospitalization. The use of this drug was adequately prescribed in 49.8% of the cases. A higher prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhea was found in patients who used proton pump inhibitors in the long term. The annual cost associated with undue prescriptions was R$24,736.40. Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of incorrect indications of proton pump inhibitors s in the hospital environment, causing unnecessary expenses and possible complications. It is necessary, therefore, the elaboration of new protocols and greater rigidity in the indications of these drugs at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté.

Cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina: medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados a idosos? / Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: potentially inappropriate medications for older adults?

INTRODUÇÃO: Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados a idosos (MPII) provocam mais efeitos adversos do que benefícios. Os critérios de Beers (CB) da American Geriatrics Society 2019 (CB2019) consideraram cinco situações clínicas como MPII. A análise de medicamentos por essas situações pode auxiliar na prescrição a idosos? Procurando exemplo prático dessa questão, optou-se por análise de fármacos atualmente questionados quanto ao seu uso seguro em idosos. OBJETIVO: Verificar se cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina se enquadram como MPII e se essa análise é aplicável clinicamente. METODOLOGIA: Sistematizou-se o objetivo pelas cinco situações clínicas definidas como MPII pelos CB2019. RESULTADOS: Ambos os fármacos preenchem respectivamente quatro (cloroquina) e cinco (hidroxicloroquina) dessas situações clínicas. Esta análise permitiu a provável definição de MPII para esses medicamentos de forma simples, por intermédio de breve análise de literatura acessível. CONCLUSÃO: Cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina podem ser considerados MPII. Espera-se replicar essa análise para outros medicamentos e reduzir iatrogenias em idosos.

INTRODUCTION: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older adults cause more adverse effects than benefits. The 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria (2019BC) considered five clinical situations as PIM use in older adults. Can drug analysis, according to these situations, assist in the act of making prescriptions for older people? Seeking a practical example for this question, we assessed drugs currently questioned as to their safe use among older people. OBJECTIVE: To check if chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine fit the PIM criteria for older adults and whether this analysis is clinically applicable. METHODS: We systematized the objective based on the five clinical situations defined as PIM use in older adults by the 2019BC. RESULTS: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine fulfill, respectively, four and five of these clinical situations. This evaluation allowed the likely definition of these drugs as PIMs for older adults in a simple way, based on a brief analysis of the available literature. CONCLUSION: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may be considered PIMs for older adults. We expect that this analysis can be replicated with other drugs and reduce iatrogenesis in older people.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al Potencial Uso Inapropiado de Medicamentos en el adulto mayor de centros geriátricos de Cuenca / Prevalence and factors associated with the Potential Inappropriate Use of Medications in the elderly at geriatric centers in Cuenca

Antecedentes: el envejecimiento aumenta la probabilidad de presentar morbilidad múltiple, con el uso de varios fármacos simultáneos, la polimedicación acrecienta el uso inadecuado de fármacos y de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, caídas, hospitalización y muerte. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al potencial uso inapropiado de medicamentos en el adulto mayor de centros geriátricos del cantón Cuenca en el periodo Junio a noviembre del año 2016. Diseño metodológico: es un estudio analítico, transversal y de prevalencia. La muestra estuvo constituida por 292 adultos mayores de los centros geriátricos de Cuenca. Se elaboraró un formulario con datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y uso de medicamentos en el adulto mayor. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS v.25; las medidas utilizadas para presentar los resultados son frecuencias, porcentajes, media aritmética y desvió estándar; para contrastar la hipótesis el chi cuadrado (significancia p < 0,05); para medir asociación la razón de prevalencia y su intervalo de confianza al 95%; y para control de variables confusoras, la regresión logística binaria. Resultados: la muestra se compone de 292 adultos mayores de centros geriátricos de Cuenca, se ha encontrado 79 casos de prescripción inapropiada (27,1%), 63 casos de omisión de la prescripción (21,6%) y 88 casos de interacciones medicamentosas riesgosas (30,01%). Las potenciales prescripciones inadecuadas de medicamentos se asociaron con edad avanzada e instrucción baja; las potenciales omisiones en la prescripción con baja instrucción, la depresión y polimedicación; y las potenciales interacciones medicamentosas con la edad avanzada, un nivel bajo de instrucción, el deterioro cognitivo y la polimedicación. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del uso inapropiado de medicamentos en el adulto mayor fue alta y se encontró una asociación de riesgo al uso inapropiado de medicamentos con la edad avanzada, baja instrucción, depresión, deterioro cognitivo y polimedicación. Palabras clave: Prescripción inadecuada. Anciano. Centros geriátricos. Factores de riesgo. Estudio de prevalencia.

Abstract: Background: aging increases the probability of presenting multiple morbidity, with the use of several drugs simultaneously, polymedication increases the inappropriate drug use and the frequency of adverse drug reactions, falls, hospitalization and death. Objective: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the potential inappropriate use of medicines in the elderly of geriatric centers in the canton of Cuenca in the period June to November of 2016. Methodological design: it is an analytical, cross-sectional and prevalence study. The sample consisted of 292 older adults from the geriatric centers of Cuenca. A form with sociodemographic, clinical data and medication use in the elderly was developed. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS v.25 program; the measures used to present the results are frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean and standard deviation; to test the chi square (significant p <0.05); to measure association the prevalence ratio and its 95% confidence interval; and for the control of confusing variables, binary logistic regression was applied. Results: the sample is composed of 292 older adults from geriatric centers in Cuenca, 79 cases of inappropriate prescription (27.1%), 63 cases of prescription omission (21.6%), and 88 cases of risky drug interactions have been found (30.01%). Potential inappropriate medication prescriptions were associated with advanced age and low education; the potential omissions in prescription with low instruction, depression and polymedication; and the potential drug interactions with advanced age, a low level of instruction, cognitive impairment and polymedication Conclusions: the prevalence of inappropriate medication use in the elderly was high and a risk association was found for inappropriate medication use with advanced age, low education, depression, cognitive impairment and polymedication.

Medicamentos impróprios para o idoso disponibilizados pelo estado do Rio de Janeiro segundo os critérios de Beers-Fick / Medicamentos inadecuados para el anciano proporcionados por el estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil según los criterios de Beers-Fick / Inappropriate medications for the elderly provided by the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil according to the criteria of Beers-Fick

Objective: To check the prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (MPI) for the elderly among the available ones in primary health care by the State Secretariat of Health of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Method: This is a study with secondary data from the State Directory of Medicines (rem) and it is analyzed in the light of the guidelines provided for in respect of according to the Beers-Fick of 2012. Results: It was found that in REM-RJ, out of a total of 124 medicines, 13.70% (n = 17) are considered MPIs to elderly, with consumption in 2 broad categories (that act in the CNS and peripheral = 35.29%; and operating in cardiovascular and renal system = 29.41%). Conclusion: This research highlights the need to develop criteria aligned with the perspective of the brazilian elderly and the adaptation of the Beers-Fick criteria, and the elaboration of specific overviews, you behold reflecting its this population and its peculiarities, considering references scientific significance.

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados (MPI) para idosos entre os disponibilizados na atenção primária à saúde pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Trata-se de estudo realizado com dados secundários provenientes da Relação Estadual de Medicamentos (REM) e analisados à luz das orientações previstas pela Relação de Beers-Fick de 2012. Resultados: Verificou-se que na REM-RJ, de um total de 124 medicamentos, 13,70% (n = 17) são considerados MPIs para idosos, com consumo em 2 grandes categorias (que atuam no SNC e periférico = 35,29%; e que atuam no sistema cardiovascular e renal = 29,41%). Conclusão: A presente investigação evidencia a necessidade de se desenvolver critérios alinhados à perspectiva do idoso brasileiro, sendo possível a adaptação dos critérios de Beers-Fick, e a elaboração de súmulas específicas que contemplem esta população e suas peculiaridades, considerando referenciais de significância científica.

Objetivo: Demostrar la prevalencia de medicamentos potencialmente inadecuados (MPI) para ancianos entre los disponibles en la atención primaria de salud de la Secretaría de Estado de Salud del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Método: Este es un estudio desarrollado con datos secundarios de la Relación Estadual de Medicinas (REM) y analizadas a la luz de las listage Beers-Fick de 2012. Resultados: Se encontró en la REM-RJ, de un total de 124 medicamentos, 13,70% (n = 17) se considera mpi para ancianos, con un consumo en 2 categorías (que actúan en el snc y periférico = 35,29%; y de funcionamiento en el sistema cardiovascular y renal = 29.41%). Conclusión: Este estudio resalta la necesidad de desarrollar criterios alineados con la perspectiva del anciano brasileño y la adaptación de los criterios de Beers-Fick, y la elaboración de descripciones específicas, que lleve en cuenta sus particularidades, considerando referenciales de importancia científica.

Errores en las recetas médicas y en la preparación de estas en farmacia de pacientes ambulatorios: El caso del Hospital de Nueva Imperial / Errors in prescriptions and their preparation at the outpatient pharmacy of a regional hospital

Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. Material and Methods: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. Results: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. Conclusions: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.

Prescripción inapropiada en adultos mayores hospitalizados / Inappropriate prescription in elderly inpatients

Una de las causas prevenibles de los eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM) en la población adulta mayor es la prescripción inapropiada, (PIM), es decir aquella prescripción donde los riesgos superan los beneficios clínicos. Se propone conocer la incidencia de PIM con los criterios de Beers, los Screening tool of older person´s prescriptions (STOPP), la omisión de prescripción apropiada (PPO) con Screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment (START) y los costos medios de hospitalización. Es un estudio de incidencia de una muestra de pacientes > 64 años, internados en el periodo enero-julio 2014 en un hospital universitario. Se halló una incidencia de PIM de 61.4% con los criterios de Beers, 65.4% con STOPP y 27.6% de PPO con START. Se calculó una tasa de EAM de 15.2 EAM/100 admisiones y 18.6 EAM/1000 días paciente. El OR de EAM con PIM según Beers y STOPP fue 1.49 (IC95% 1.68-4.66) y 1.17 (IC95% 0.62-2.24) respectivamente. El costo de hospitalización en pacientes con EAM fue mayor que sin EAM (p = 0.020). Los resultados de PIM son similares a la mayoría de los estudios publicados, aunque levemente mayores para Beers y STOPP y menores para START. La tasa de EAM es inferior a la encontrada por Kanaan (18.7% vs. 15.2%). Hay una contribución de PIM a la aparición de EAM.

One of the causes of preventable adverse drug events (EAM) in the older adult population is the inappropriate prescription (PIM), i.e. that prescription where risks outweigh clinical benefits. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of PIM with Beers criteria and Screening Tool of older person´s prescriptions (STOPP), Potentially Prescribing Omissions (PPO) with Screening Tool to alert doctors to Right Treatments (START), and the average costs of hospitalization. This is an incidence study on a sample of patients over 64 years hospitalized, from January to July 2014 at a university hospital. According to Beers criteria, PIM incidence was 61.4%, 65.4% with STOPP and 27.6% PPO with START. The EAM rate calculated was 15.2/100 admissions and 18.6 EAM / 1000 patient days. The OR of EAM with PIM according to Beers and STOPP was 1.49 (IC95% 1.68-4.66) and 1.17 (IC95% 0.62-2.24) respectively. The average cost of hospitalization in patients with EAM were higher than without EAM (p = 0.020). PIM results are in line with most of the studies cited, but slightly higher for Beers and STOPP and lower for START, and the rate of EAM is lower than the data found by Kanaan (18.7% vs. 15.2%). PIM contributes to the appearance of EAM. The costs of hospitalizations with EAM are higher than those without EAM, achieving level of significance.

Medication reconciliation as a strategy for preventing medication errors

ABSTRACT One of the current barriers proposed to avoid possible medication errors, and consequently harm to patients, is the medication reconciliation, a process in which drugs used by patients prior to hospitalization can be compared with those prescribed in the hospital. This study describes the results of a pharmacist based reconciliation conducted during six months in clinical units of a university hospital. Fourteen patients (23.33%) had some kind of problem related to medicine. The majority (80%) of medication errors were due to medication omission. Pharmaceutical interventions acceptance level was 90%. The results suggest that pharmacists based reconciliation can have a relevant role in preventing medication errors and adverse events. Moreover, the detailed interview, conducted by the pharmacist, is able to rescue important information regarding the use of drugs, allowing to avoid medications errors and patient injury.

RESUMO Uma das barreiras propostas para se evitar possíveis erros relacionados a medicamentos e, consequentemente, que danos acometam o paciente, é a reconciliação medicamentosa no ato da internação, processo no qual se comparam os medicamentos usados pelos pacientes previamente à internação com os prescritos no âmbito hospitalar. Este trabalho descreve os resultados de seis meses de um processo de reconciliação conduzido por farmacêutico em unidades clínicas de um hospital universitário. Quatorze pacientes (23.33%) tiveram algum tipo de problema relacionado ao uso de medicamentos. A maioria dos erros envolvendo medicamentos (80%) estava relacionada à omissão de medicamentos. As intervenções farmacêuticas tiveram 90% de aceitação pelos médicos. Os resultados sugerem que a atuação de farmacêuticos na reconciliação medicamentosa pode desempenhar papel relevante na prevenção de erros de medicamentos e eventos adversos. Além disso, a entrevista detalhada conduzida por um farmacêutico se mostrou capaz de resgatar informações importantes sobre o uso dos medicamentos, permitindo evitar erros e danos ao paciente.

Problemas asociados al uso de digoxina en pacientes geriátricos / Problems associated to the use of digoxin in the elderly patients

OBJETIVO: identificar los problemas asociados al uso de digoxina en pacientes ancianos. MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron los pacientes a partir de los certificados médicos, por digoxina, archivados en las farmacias, y luego de dar su consentimiento de participación se realizaron sucesivas entrevistas. Se tuvo en cuenta enfermedad para la que fue indicado el medicamento, individualización de la prescripción, dosis empleada e intervalo de dosificación prescrito. Se valoró además las prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas, según criterios de Beers. RESULTADOS: en el 100 % de los pacientes se detectó algún problema asociado al empleo de la digoxina. Entre los problemas detectados estuvieron: interacciones medicamentosas (100 %), probable uso para tratar enfermedades no indicadas (82 %), empleo de dosis superiores a las indicadas (62 %) y uso de intervalo de dosificación irregular (47 %). Entre los fármacos interactuante se detectaron 58 prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas para el paciente anciano, las cuales representaron el 26,6 % del total de prescripciones. CONCLUSIONES: se detectó alta incidencia de problemas asociados al uso de digoxina en el paciente anciano, por lo que se hace necesario realizar un trabajo conjunto "médico-farmacéutico-paciente" en aras de ganar en calidad de la prescripción y uso de la digoxina en el adulto mayor.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the problems related to the use of digoxin in elderly patients. METHODS: the selection of patients was based on the medical certificates for the use of digoxin, which were filed in the drugstores, and on the patient's consent to be involved in interviews. The research took into account the disease for which digoxin was prescribed as treatment, the individualization of prescription, the prescribed dosage and dosing intervals, in addition to the assessment of potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to Beers criteria. RESULTS: all the participating patients presented with some problems related to the use of digoxin. The most common were drug interactions (100 %), likely use to treat nonprescribed diseases (82 %), use of a dose higher than the recommended one (62 %) and irregular dosing interval (47 %). Among drug interactions were 58 potentially inappropriate prescriptions for elderly patients, which accounted for 26.6 % of total prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: there was a high incidence rate of problems associated with the use of digoxin in the elderly, so it is necessary to work together, meaning the physician, the pharmacist and the patient, in order to increase prescribing quality for the use of digoxin in the elderly.

Antimicrobial use, incidence, etiology and resistance patterns in bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in a clinical-surgical intensive care unit

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat in hospitalized patients, and inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy is known to adversely affect outcomes in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial usage, incidence, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance trends for prominent nosocomial pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in a clinical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus causing VAP, as well as their antimicrobial resistance patterns and data on consumption (defined daily dose [DDD] per 1,000 patient days) of glycopeptides, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenems in the unit were evaluated in two different periods (A and B). RESULTS: Antimicrobial use was high, mainly of broad-spectrum cephalosporins, with a significant increase in the consumption of glycopeptides (p < 0.0001) and carbapenems (p < 0.007) in period B. For Acinetobacter baumannii and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, 5.27- and 3.06-fold increases in VAPs, respectively, were noted, and a significant increase in resistance rates was found for imipenem-resistant A. baumannii (p = 0.003) and third-generation cephalosporins-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.01) isolates in this same period. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is a link between antibiotics usage at institutional levels and resistant bacteria. The use of carbapenems was related to the high rate of resistance in A. baumannii and therefore a high consumption of imipenem/meropenem could play a major role in selective pressure exerted by antibiotics in A. baumannii strains.

Evaluación del uso inapropiado de medicamentos mediante la aplicación de los Criterios de Beers 2012 en adultos mayores del Hospital de Día Geriátrico del H. N. G. Almenara Irigoyen Enero a Junio 2012 / Evaluation of the inappropriate use of drugs through the application of the criteria of Beers 2012 in older adults of the Geriatric Day Hospital at the N.H.G. Almenara Irigoyen - January to June 2012

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al uso inapropiado de medicamentos mediante la aplicación de los criterios de Beers del 2012 en adultos mayores del hospital de Día Geriátrico del Hospital N. Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima-Perú. METODOS: Se evaluó el uso inapropiado de medicamentos con la aplicación de Criterios de Beers del 2012 en 150 adultos mayores (edad promedio 78 años) del hospital de Día Geriátrico en el periodo de enero a junto 2012. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas simples de frecuencias relativas y absolutas; para determinar la asociación entre variables categóricas se utilizó el test Chi cuadrado y prueba exacta de Fisher y para variables cuantitativas el test de Student con significancia estadística de p<0.05. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de uso inapropiado de medicamentos fue de 52.7 por ciento. Los medicamentos inapropiados según los criterios de Beers 2012 más frecuentemente utilizados fueron AINES (33 por ciento), sulfonilureas de larga duración (27 por ciento) y benzodiacepinas (20 por ciento). Los medicamentos asociados a interacción droga-enfermedad que se utilizaron con más frecuencia fueron benzodiacepinas y deterioro cognitivo (32 por ciento), calcio antagonistas y estreñimiento (18 por ciento), antagonistas de receptores H2 con deterioro cognitivo y benzodiacepinas con historia de caídas (16 por ciento). La mirtazapina (28.6 por ciento) y la aspirina en mayores de 80 años en prevención primaria (28.6 por ciento) fueron los medicamentos utilizados con precaución más frecuentes. La polifarmacia, síndrome de caídas y trastorno del sueño estuvieron asociados con significancia estadística (p<0.05) a uso inapropiado de medicamentos. Los adultos mayores de sexo femenino, dependencia funcional, más de comorbilidades, depresión y deterioro cognitivo utilizaron frecuentemente medicamentos inapropiados pero sin asociación estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Se determinó la prevalencia elevada de uso...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of potentially inappropriate medication use defined by the Beers Criteria 2012 among older adults in a Geriatric Day Hospital in Lima-Peru. METHODS: A sample of 150 older adults (mean age 68 years) admitted to the geriatric day hospital between January and June 2012 were included and the inappropriate medication use were evaluated with the Beers Criteria 2012. We use statistics test of relative and absolute frequency and the Chi square test and Fisher exact test to determine the associated factors between qualitative variables and Student Test for quantitative variables, with significance statistic p<0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of inappropriate medication use was 52.7 per cent. The more common inappropriate medications were NSAIDS (33 per cent), long action sulfonylurea (27 per cent) and benzodiazepines (20 per cent). The more common medication with drug-disease interaction were benzodiazepines with cognitive impairment (32 per cent), constipation and calcium channel blockers (18 per cent), antihistamines of H2 receptors with cognitive impairment and benzodiazepines with previous falls (16 per cent). Mirtazapine (28.6 per cent) and aspirin in over 80 years (28.6 per cent) were the medications more common used with precaution. Polypharmacy, falls, and sleep disturbances were associated with inappropriate medication use and they had significance statistic p<0.05. Female sex, dependence, more than 3 comorbidities, depression, and cognitive impairment were not associated with significance statistic. CONCLUSION: We determine a prevalence of 52.7 per cent of inappropriate medication use in older adults in a geriatric day hospital in Lima Peru. Polypharmacy falls and sleep disturbances were associated with significance statistic.

Mutirresistencia bacteriana y médico de asistencia / Bacterial multidrug resistance and doctor of assistance

El fenómeno de la multirresistencia bacteriana tiene tal repercusión que este año 2012 la OMS lo ha dedicado a la lucha para contrarrestar o disminuir este problema. Mucho se ha hablado de las causas imbricadas en la resistencia bacteriana, pero todos los científicos coinciden en que el factor principal es el uso inadecuado de los antibióticos. También se ha abordado la temática preventiva, en la que ha sobresalido, el lavado de las manos. Por tanto, las primeras medidas a aplicar en cualquier programa destinado a la lucha contra la resistencia bacteriana son: uso adecuado de antibióticos y lavado de las manos...